The Pakistan’s 1st Environment Site

NGOs Directory 2008

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NGOs Directory of Pakistan 2008

geological glossary

Sample Text
Aquifer:
A subsurface rock or sediment unit that is porous and permeable. To be an aquifer it must have these traits to a high enough degree that it stores and transmits useful quantities of water.
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Backwash:
The seaward rush of water down a beach that occurs with a receding wave.
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Banded Iron Ore:
A rock that consists of alternating layers of chert and iron oxide mineral (usually hematite) with the iron oxide in high enough concentration to be of economic value.
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Basalt:
A dark-colored fine-grained extrusive igneous rock composed largely of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. Similar in composition to gabbro. Basalt is thought to be one of the main components of oceanic crust. Picture of Basalt.
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Basin:
In tectonics, a circular, syncline-like depression of strata. In sedimentology, the site of accumulation of a large thickness of sediments.
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Batholith:
A very large intrusive igneous rock mass that has been exposed by erosion and with an exposed surface area of over 100 square kilometers. A batholith has no known floor.
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Geological Glossary

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Environmental Policy, Regulatory and Institutional Framework in Pakistan

Environmental Issues
Air Pollution
Water shortage
Water pollution (inland waters and
marine)
Solid waste management
Soil / land pollution, erosion and
degradation
Deforestation
Loss of biodiversity
Inefficient energy consumption
Cost of Pollution to Pakistan Economy
Health problems (expenditure on health and production loss due to lost working days)
caused by water pollution cost Pakistan US$ 759 million per year. Health problems caused by air pollution cost Pakistan US$ 301 million per year. Loss of agricultural production due to land degradation costs Pakistan US$ 300 million. The cost of pollution to Pakistan economy=> US$ 2.2 BILLION PER YEAR
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Environmental Policy, Regulatory and Institutional Framework in Pakistan

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Environmental Policy, Regulatory and Institutional Framework in Pakistan

DEFINITIONS of different terms use in Environmental Policy, Law and Planning

CONFERENCE
A meeting for consultation or discussion
An exchange of views
A meeting of committees to settle differences between two legislative (law making) bodies
CONVENTION
An agreement between states, sides, or military forces, especially an international agreement dealing with a specific subject, such as the treatment of prisoners of war
A formal meeting of members, representatives, or delegates, as of a political party, profession, or industry.
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DEFINITIONS of different terms use in Environmental Policy, Law and Planning

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LAW, AND PLANNING

POLICY is a plan or statement of intentions- either written or stated – about a course of action or inaction intended to accomplish some end.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY will be taken as those official rules and regulations concerning the environment that are adopted, implemented, and enforced by some governmental agency as well as general public opinion about environmental issues.
OBJECTIVES
Understand the cycle by which policy is established.
Follow the path of a bill through the legislature.
Explore the differences between civil, criminal, and administrative law.
Judge the effectiveness of litigation in environmental issues.
Consider the reasons that international treaties and global institutions have or have not been successful.
Appreciate the importance of wicked problems, resilience, and adaptive management in environmental planning.
Scrutinize collaborative, community-based planning methods.
(sample text)
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ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LAW, AND PLANNING

CLIMATE CHANGE AND FORESTS OF PAKISTAN

Pakistan lies between 24° and 37° north latitudes and 61° and 75° east longitudes. It is
located in a region where three important mountain ranges meet. The mountain ranges are
the Himalaya, Hindukush and Karakorum. The lessor Himalayan ranges and Hindukush
ranges extend deep into the country and form huge complex of mountains and plateau.
Accordingly 4 out of 10 highest peaks in the world lie in Pakistan. Physiographically,
Pakistan can be divided broadly into two main regions namely plains of the Indus River
and its tributaries and huge complex of mountains and plateaus lying in north and
northwestern boundaries. The plains are more or less level consisting mostly of irrigated
agriculture and arid, semi-arid deserts. The mountain complex consists of broad valleys,
partly irrigated and high steep and rugged mountains and plateaus. About 60 percent area
of Pakistan is covered by mountainous complex (Sardar, 1989).
More than 60 percent area of Pakistan is arid and receives less than 250mm rainfall per
annum. About 20 percent area is semi-arid where rainfall varies between 250-400 mm per
annum. In these zones temperature rises steeply during summer and drops sharply in
winter giving rise to great variations in diurnal temperature. Subsequently the arid and
semi-arid parts of the country are characterized by low precipitation, extreme temperatures
and low humidity. These conditions are inhospitable to good plant growth. There are
frequent droughts and the plant growth fluctuates greatly with precipitation (Sardar, 2002).
(Sample text)
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND FORESTS OF PAKISTAN

Ecological economics

Concept of economics and ecology
Ecology and economy is derived from same Greek words and ideas .oikos pronounced “ecos” means household. economics involves “nomos” or counting, household resources. ecology is the logos, or logic, of how house hold works. both disciplines expand the household idea encompass functioning systems that can be as large as the whole world.
Adam smith was the founder of this school of thought. smith’s landmark book “Inquiry into the Nature and the causes of the Wealth of Nations”, published in 1776.
Basically It examines supply and demand.
(Sample Text)

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Ecological economics

Growth reference charts and the nutritional status of Indian children

We evaluate the growth performance of Indian children of age 0–3 using data from the
1998–1999 National Family and Health Survey, making use of the new child growth
standards developed by the World Health Organization’ Multicentre Growth Reference
Study. We find that the new charts lead to an increase of 4.2 million in the estimated
number of stunted children, and an increase of 2.3 million in the estimated number of
wasted children. The estimated number of underweight children decreases instead by 2.1
million. We also use data on ethnic Indians living in the United Kingdom to provide
evidence on the height genetic potential of Indians. We find that children of Indian
ethnicity who live in the UK have anthropometric outcomes comparable to those in
commonly used growth standards and that the height of ethnic South Asian in the sample
is negatively related with the amount of time spent outside the United Kingdom.
(Sample Text)
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Growth reference charts and the nutritional status of Indian children

Capturing the market for recreation: Estimating entry charges for the Margalla Hills National Park in Pakistan

In developing countries, many national parks are often in dire need of investments. given growing problems of soil erosion, deforestation, biodiversity depletion, and loss of hydrological services, there is a compelling need for financial mechanisms that can contribute to better management of natural areas and the services they provide. could valuation of the recreational benefits accruing from natural resources and optimal pricing of these benefits be the key to additional funds? A reent SANDEE study assesses the conomic value of recreational benefits from the Margalla Hills National Park (MHNP) in Pakistan and concludes that entry fees can make a major contribution to park revenues. (sample text)
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Capturing the market for recreation:
Estimating entry charges for the Margalla Hills National Park in Pakistan

Design, economic analysis and environmental considerations

Abstract
This paper discusses the design process of a mini-grid hybrid power system with reverse osmosis desalination plant for remote areas, together with an economic analysis and environmental considerations for the project life cycle. It presents a design scenario for supplying electricity and fulfilling demand for clean water in remote areas by utilising renewable energy sources and a diesel generator with a reverse osmosis desalination plant as a deferrable load. The economic issues analysed are the initial capital cost needed, the fuel consumption and annual cost, the total net present cost (NPC), the cost of electricity
(COE) generated by the system per kWh and the simple payback time (SPBT) for the project. The environmental considerations discussed are the amount of gas emissions, such as CO2 and NOx, as well as particulate matter released into the atmosphere. Simulations based on an actual set of conditions in a remote area in the Maldives were performed using HOMER for two conditions: before and after the Tsunami of 26th December 2004. Experimental results on the prototype 5 kVA mini-grid inverter and reverse osmosis desalination plant, rated at 5.5 kWh/day, are also presented here to verify the idea of
providing power and water supplies to remote areas.
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Design, economic analysis and environmental considerations of mini-grid hybrid power system with reverse osmosis desalination plant for remote areas

Willingness to pay and demand elasticities for two national parks: empirical evidence from two surveys in Pakistan

Abstract:
Using survey-based data approach for modeling the demand for environmental
goods/resources, this study estimates income and price elasticities of demand for improved environmental quality of two National Parks in Northern Pakistan. The study uses data from two studies. The estimates indicate that improved environmental quality effects can be described as a luxury and an ordinary and price elastic service. Confidence intervals show however that the classification as a luxury is not statistically significant. Income elasticities of willingness to pay are estimated for a broad range of environmental services. The study finds that income and willingness to pay vary directly and significantly. The elasticity estimates, in general, are greater than zero, but less than unity. The study concludes that environmental improvements are more beneficial to low-income groups than for high-income groups.
Introduction
Following the classical microeconomic theory, goods and services can be classified as
luxuries or necessities, substitutes or complements, and inferior, Giffen, or normal. We can
also use the same approach to study environmental services.1 There is a serious debate and a discussion on whether environmental goods and services can be classified as luxuries or not. In other words, whether these services are characterized by an income elasticity of demand greater than unity or not (Pearce 1980; Kristro¨m and Riera 1996; Hobky and Soderqvist 2003). This debate implies the existence of an ‘‘environmental Kuznets curve’’ implying an inverted U-shaped empirical relationship between industrial pollution and per capita income. This inverted U-shaped curve indicates that in early stages of economic development the level of pollution increases, reaches its maximum and then the pollution decreases at the later stages of economics growth. de Bruyn and Heintz (1999) has labeled the existence of such a relationship as a ‘‘stylized fact’’. However, it would be a controversial conclusion that economic growth can take care of environmental degradation (Arrow et al. 1995). The available literature provides various explanations to the shape of the environmental Kuznets curve. Although the data and information regarding the relationship between income and quantities demanded of environmental services is relevant for explaining the shape of the curve, but these are not enough for a full explanation.
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Willingness to pay and demand elasticities for two national parks: empirical evidence from two surveys in Pakistan

National Income Accounting and Environment (Pakistan)

Whereas irrigation plays a crucial role in improving agricultural productivity, it has resulted in waterlogging and salinity problems in Pakistan due to both water seepage from canals and overdoses of water encouraged by inappropriate water pricing practices.1 As many as 2.2 million hectares of land forming 13 percent of the cultivated area in Pakistan suffer from an acute problem of waterlogging and salinity, i.e., water table is less than 5 feet from the normal surface level. Despite the government’s effort to resolve the problem through an expansive network of public tubewells under the salinity control and reclamation project (SCARP), the problem seems to have worsened over time. The higher water doses may increase the growth of output in the short run, but by degrading the agricultural lands and increasing impurities of potable water, etc., they adversely affect the long-run growth. These adverse effects of the inappropriate irrigation practices on agricultural productivity are generally not accounted for in the national income accounting system. Accordingly, there is a need to account for the forgone economic, social, and environmental benefits. In this regard, the environmental resource accounting provides a valuable information base for
integrated development planning and policy. The approach allows for segregation and elaboration of all environment-related flows and stocks of traditional accounts, linkage of physical accounts with monetary environmental accounts and balance sheets, assessment of environmental costs and benefits, accounting for the maintenance of tangible wealth, and elaboration and measurement of the indicators of environmentally-adjusted production and income.
(Sample Text)
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National Income Accounting and Environment:
A Case Study of Waterlogging and Salinity in Pakistan

THE CELL WALL

Introduction to cell wall
Morphology of cell wall
Composition of cell wall
Prokaryotic cell wall
Eukaryotic cell wall
Functions of cell wall

Introduction to cell wallFOUND IN PLANT CELLS AND ABSENT IN ANIMALS
ALSO FOUND IN BACTERIAL,ALGAL, AND FUNGAL CELLS
OUTER MOST LAYER
FAIRLY RIGID
OUTER TO THE CELL MEMBRANE
NON LIVING SUBSTANCE
MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
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THE CELL WALL

ADBRITE

The History and Scope of Microbiology

study of organisms too small to be clearly seen by the unaided eye (i.e., microorganisms)
microorganisms include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
first person to observe and describe micro-organisms accurately
The Conflict over Spontaneous Generation
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The History and Scope of Microbiology

BIOTECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY

Biotechnology – the use of microbiological and biochemical techniques
To solve practical problems
To produce useful products – proteins or DNA sequences
Recombinant DNA techniques – methods to study and manipulate DNA
To genetically alter organisms with useful traits
To clone genes
Genetic engineering – deliberately alter an organism’s genetic Information
Genetic engineering
Tools: vectors - plasmids, bacteriophage restriction enzymes Products proteins resistant plants
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BIOTECHNOLOGY & INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY

Global Warming in the Mountains of Pakistan, India and China/Tibet

summary
The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) undertook the project “Inventory of Glaciers and Glacial Lakes and the Identification of Potential Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) Affected by Global Warming in the Mountains of India, Pakistan and China/Tibet Autonomous Region”. ICIMOD signed the contract with the Asia - Pacific Network for Global Change” (APN) in May 2002 and with “global change SysTem for Analysis, Research, and Training” (START) in July 2002 to carryout the APN Project 2002-15. In continuation of this, ICIMOD implemented project APN 2003-5 in the year 2003/04, and project APN 2004-03-CMY in the year 2004/05. There are co-funding from ICIMOD, UNEP/RRC-AP and the national collaborating institutions / organizations. The main purpose of the study was to assess the threat from glacial lakes and to highlight
those where GLOF events are likely to occur and cause serous damage to human life and property of India, Pakistan and China. In the APN 2002-15 first year phase of the project, Tista Basin in Sikkim Himalaya of India, Pumqu basin in Tibet Autonomous region of PR China and Astor sub-basin in Indus basin of Pakistan were studied. In the APN 2003-05 second year phase of the project, Himachal Pradesh Himalaya of India, Poiqu and Rongxer basins in Tibet Autonomous Region of PR China, and five sub-basins (Upper Indus, Jhelum, Shingo, Shyok and Shigar) in Indus basin of Pakistan were studied. In the third year phase, APN 2004-03-CMY in the year 2004/05, Jilongcangbu, Zangbuqin, Majiacangbu, Daoliqu and Jiazhangangge basins of Tibet Autonomous Region of PR China; Uttaranchal Himalaya of India; Gilgit, Chitral, Hunza and Swat River basins of Indus Basin in Pakistan were
studied in the third year phase.
(Sample Text)
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Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and the Identification of Potential Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) Affected by Global Warming in the Mountains of India, Pakistan and China/Tibet Autonomous Region

Climate Change Concept, Causes, Effects and Solutions

Climate: The average weather (usually taken over a 30-year time period) for a particular region and time period. It is not the same as weather, it is the average pattern of weather for a particular region. Weather describes the short-term state of the atmosphere. Climatic elements include precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind velocity, phenomena such as fog, frost, and hail storms, and other measures of the weather.
(Sample Text)
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Climate Change Concept, Causes, Effects and Solutions

Sustainable Energy

Worldwide energy consumption:
Worldwide, about 86% of all commercial energy is generated by fossil full.
40% coming from petroleum.
Coal and natural gas 23% each.
Coal supplies will last several more sentries at present rates of usage.
But it appears that the fossil fuel age will have been rather short episode in the total history of humans.
Nuclear power 6.5 commercial energy.
None of our current major energy source appear to offer security in teem of stable supply or environmental considerations.
how make energy sustainable
Neither coal nor nuclear power is a good long term energy source with our present level of technology
We urgently need to develop alternative source of sustainable energy more efficient energy use, together with a greater reliance on renewable sources could reduce or even dominate our dependence on fossil fuels and nuclear energy.
There are ways to save energy one of easiest way to avoid energy shortage and to relive environmental and health effects of our current energy technologies is simply to use less.
In homes
By providing insulating material on roof tops and walls to avoid extreme heat transfers in, summer and vice versa in winter thus eliminating the air condition systems from the houses which otherwise consumes lot of energy.
Orientation of the houses governs the exposure of the houses to the light at an optimum both in summer and winter (Sample Text)
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Sustainable Energy

Microbial Ecology

Def: the interactions of m.o. with the biotic and abiotic components of the environment
The importance of these interactions and their effects on the environment
Biogeochemical Cycles : describe the movement of chemical elements through the biological and geological component of the world
The role of microorganisms
The decomposition of pollutants and toxic wastes
The efficient utilization of limited natural resources
Transformations of chemical substances that can be used by other organisms

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Microbial Ecology

TRANSFER OF GENETIC INFORMATION

1. GENETICS
2. HISTORY OF GENETICS
3. FEATURES FOR INHERITENCE
4. MOLECULAR BASIS FOR INHERITENCE
5. RECOMBINATION AND LINKAGE
6. GENE EXPRESSION
7. HORIZENTAL GENE TRANSFER
8. REFERENCES
The word genetic, derived from the Greek word “genno” means to give birth.
Definition:
A discipline of biology is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms in which we study transfer of characters from parents to their offspring.
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TRANSFER OF GENETIC INFORMATION

The Basel Convention

The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal is the most comprehensive global environmental treaty on hazardous and other wastes. It has 170 member countries (Parties) and aims to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects resulting from the generation, management, transboundary movements and disposal of hazardous and other wastes.
Why the Basel Convention was created…
The cross-border transport of hazardous wastes seized the public’s attention in the 1980s. The misadventures of “toxic ships” such as the Katrin B and the Pelicano, sailing from port to port trying to offload their poisonous cargoes made the front-page headlines around the world. These tragic incidents were motivated in good part by tighter environmental regulations in industrialized countries. As the costs of waste disposal skyrocketed, “toxic traders” searching for cheaper solutions started shipping hazardous wastes to Africa, Eastern Europe and other regions. Once on shore, these waste shipments were dumped indiscriminately, spilled accidentally or managed improperly, causing severe health problems -even death- and poisoning the land, water and air for decades or centuries. To combat these practices, the Basel Convention was negotiated under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme in the late 1980s. It was adopted in 1989 and entered into force in 1992. (Sample Text)
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The Basel Convention At A Glance…

SQUANDERING PARADISE

Extent of protected areas: protected areas cover almost 9.5 per cent of the world’s surface including 1,300 marine protected areas, some very large. The World Commission on Protected Areas recognises six categories, ranging from strictly protected nature reserves to protection that takes place within a working landscape or seascape.
Degrees of threat: while all protected areas remain under some threat, it is important to distinguish significant threats – to long-term survival of biodiversity or ecosystem – from relatively insignificant ortransitory problems. Significant threats fall into four main categories:
· Individual elements of the protected area removed without alteration to the overall structure
· Overall impoverishment of the ecology of the protected area
· Major conversion and degradation (e.g. through removal of vegetation cover or coral, driving roads through the protected area, major settlements or mining).
· Isolation of protected areas by major changes of use in surrounding land or water.
Trends: many different trends – ranging from recovery to continued decline – can follow protection. We identify some generalised trends in protected area quality.
· Stable protected area
· Recovering protected area
· Declining protected area
· Initial decline in protected area followed by recovery
· Previously stable protected area facing a sudden crisis
· Initial recovery of protected area followed by decline
People: the relationship between local people and protected areas is one of the most vexed in conservation. Those responsible for protected areas – including both governments and NGOs – have sometimes got things badly wrong, creating tensions and conflicts through a failure to address questions of people’s needs early enough in protected area planning. These issues are explored.
Lack of capacity and “paper parks”: external threats are an inevitable factor in protected area management. However, these are often exacerbated by lack of money and capacity amongst protected area authorities. At one extreme, protected areas are designated by law but never implemented. This phenomenon is known as the “paper park”. In others cases protected areas are not given enough resources to be effectively managed or protected. Lack of management capacity is an important contributory factor in threats facing protected areas. Underlying causes: Much of this report is concerned with immediate and long-term threats to protected areas and their consequences. However, most of the immediate threats are the result of underlying causes. Understanding the nature and importance of these is essential for effective action to reduce threats to protected areas. Key underlying causes include:
· High consumption levels amongst the richest proportion of the world’s population
· Pressure for trade and development
· Poverty amongst the poorest proportion of the world’s population
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SQUANDERING PARADISE (NRM)
The importance and vulnerability of the world’s protected areas

WETLAND VALUES, FUNCTIONS AND RELATION WITH ENVIRONMENT

Area of marsh,fen,petland OR water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary ,with water that is static,flowing,fresh,brackish or salt, including area of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed meters six meters(6)
Physical, chemical and biological interaction taking place naturally in the wetland, independent of human opinion Examples; primary production, nutrient cycling heavy metals sequestration & cycling surface and sub-surface water storage, supporting plant& animal communities, carbon retention (Sample text)
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WETLAND VALUES, FUNCTIONS AND RELATION WITH ENVIRONMENT

Algal Blooms

What is Algae?
Algae are generally microscopic organisms,are generally thought of as simple aquatic plants which do not have roots,stems or leaves & have primitive methods of reproduction.They are the basic food source for small aquatic animals
Algal Blooms
Causes of Bloom
Bloom Occurrence
Eutrophication
Harmful Effect
Toxic Bloom
Control

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Algal Blooms

GIS Definitions

1. An information system that is designed to work with data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates. In other words, a GIS is both a system with specific capabilities for spatially-referenced data, as well as a set of operations for working [analysis] with the data.
(Star and Estes, 1990)
2. A working GIS integrates five key components: hardware,software, data, people, and methods.
(ESRI, 1997)
3. A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth.
(Chorley, 1987)
4. Automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data.
(Clarke, 1990)
5. A system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of spatially-referenced data for solving complex planning and management problems.
(NCGIA lecture by David Cowen, 1989)
6. GIS are simultaneously the telescope, the microscope, the computer, and the xerox machine of regional analysis and synthesis of spatial data.
(Abler, 1988)
7. An integrated package for the input, storage, analysis, and output of spatial information… analysis being the most significant.
(Gaile and Willmott, 1989)
(Sample text)

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Remote Sensing of Environment

The surface temperature of Utah’s hypersaline Great Salt Lake is examined between 2000 and 2007 using 3345 images from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on board the NASA Earth Observing System Terra and Aqua platforms. This study shows the utility of using a multi-year record of the easily accessible and fully processed MODIS thermal imagery to monitor spatial, diurnal, seasonal, and annual variations in the surface water temperature (SWT) of lakes where long-term in situ measurements are rarely
available. A cloud-free Terra image is available on average every day during the summer and early fall, every other day during spring and late fall, and every third day during the winter. MODIS-derived lake SWT exhibits a cool bias (~−1.5 °C) relative to in situ temperature observations gathered from three buoys and a slowly-moving watercraft. The dominant SWT signal is the annual cycle (with a range of 26 °C and peak temperature in mid-July) while the diurnal range is as large as 4 °C during the spring season. Year-to-year variations in SWT are largest during the fall with over 1 °C anomalously warm (cold) departures from the 8-year monthly medians observed during fall 2001 (2006). The MODIS imagery provides an updated SWT climatology for operational weather forecasting applications (e.g., lake-effect snow storm prediction) as well as for input into operational and research numerical weather prediction models.
(Sample Text)
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Remote Sensing of Environment

Microbiology

Importance of Microorganisms
Characteristics of Microorganisms
History of Microbiology
Taxonomy
Scope of Microbiology
Immunology
Public health microbiology & epidemiology
Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology
Agricultural microbiology
Biotechnology
Genetic engineering & recombinant DNA technology

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Microbiology

Traditional use of Herbs, shrubs and trees of Shogran valley

this paper is based on the results of an ethno-botanical research conducted in Shogran valley. information on local names, traditional medicinal uses and occurrence of the herbs, shrubs and trees has been presented. a total of 77 species of herbs, 12 species of shrubs and 18 species of trees were recorded that are used medicinally.
(Sample Text)
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Traditional use of Herbs, shrubs and trees of Shogran valley, Mansehra, Pakistan

The Bacterial Biodegradation of Essential Oils of Thymbra spicata

ABSTRACT
Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata is a important plant with its essential oils which has been used since the ancient times. But until recently there is little information about the bacterial biodegradation products of the essential oils of this plant. In this investigation, the mechanisms behind antifungal properties of bacterial biodegradation products of essential oils and its components from T. spicata were examined. The bacteria (Enterobacter sp.) was
grown on different media containing essential oil, glycerine and carvacrol as carbon sources and the extracted samples taken during 10 days growth period were applied to Thin Layer Chromotography plates. After application of Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon to TLC plates,
antifungal properties of the extracts was determined as zone of inhibition on the plates with Rf values of 0.49, 0.49 and 0.49. Further more indole-3-acetic acid production and chitinase
production is examined. The results show that only by biodegradation of essential oil or carvacrol, the chitinase and the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is produced. The amounts of IAA produced is 0,0197 and 0,0192 mg/ml. However there is no IAA or chitinase is produced in the mediums with glycerine and control groups. These results gives us an opinion about the
possible usage of bacterial biodegradation of essential oils of Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata in plant protection science as a biological fungicide.
(Sample Text)
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L. var. spicata and Its Usage in Plant Protection

Anemia

Anemia is operationally defined as a reduction in one or more of the major RBC measurements: Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, or RBC count
Hematocrit (<40% in men,<36% in women)
Hemoglobin (13.2g/dl in men, 11.7g/dl in women)
BLOOD RELATED DISEASE
ANEMIA IS TREATABLE DISEASE
Anemia is a sign, not a disease
Anemias are a dynamic process
Its never normal to be anemic
The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia mandates further work-up

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Anemia

Pest Control

Pests are organisms that reduce the availability, quality or value of resources useful to humans.
Pesticide is a chemical intended to kill or drive away pests.
Biocide kills a wide range of living organisms.
Herbicides kill plants.
Isectidies kill insects.
Fungicides kill fungi.
Acaricides kill mites,ticks,and spider.
Nematicides kill nematodes (microscopic round worms)
Rodenticides kill rodents.
Avicides kill Birds.
(sample text)
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CLIMATIC CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF WHEAT AND MAIZE IN SELECTED ZONES OF NWFP

Mean monthly maximum temperature of the selected sites increased from 0.1 to 1.3 oC during Kharif season and 0.2 oC to 1.6 oC during Rabi season .
 Similarly, mean monthly minimum temperature increased from 0.4 to 1.8 oC and 0.3 to 1.5 oC during Kharif and Rabi season respectively.
 Seasonal precipitation of selected sites increased from 1 to 24 % during Kharif and from 12 to 21 % during Rabi except Chitral, where it decreased by less than 1 % during Kharif
Maximum (twelve) number of droughts were noticed in D.I.Khan, whereas no seasonal drought period in Dir was noticed.
(sample text)
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CLIMATIC CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON NET IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF WHEAT AND MAIZE IN SELECTED ZONES OF NWFPBY DR. MUHAMMAD JAMAL KHAN

Climate Change and Environmental Problems

Summary of atmospheric environment of a region based on the long-term averages of weather attributes for approx. 35 years;
Insolation, Temperature, Pressure, Humidity, Cloudiness, types/frequency of Precipitation, Atmospheric turbidity, Wind speed/direction, Albedo etc.
Temporal variability is always present in all types of weather data on diurnal, seasonal, annual, decadal & millennial scales
Short and long-term averages, standard deviation (variability about average) and rise and fall of a particular attribute can be statistically determined. The Range & Frequency of Extremes indicates the trend
External Factors.
Changes in the energy outputs from the Sun (Imbrei, 1980)
Variation in Earth’s orbital parameters (Milankovitch, 1938)
Internal Factors
Lithospheric Processes
Atmosphere Ocean Interaction
Anthropogenic Interventions
Climate Change and Environmental Problemsby Prof. Dr. S. Shafiqur Rehman, Department of Environmental Sciences,
University of Peshawar

Useful Reading About Environmental Blog

What you get on this blog ………………………?
Pakistani students face the problem of searching data about environmental science topic and environmental issues of Pakistan
Especially Baseline information of different cities of Pakistan
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Environmental situation of Pakistan and World
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Environmental Issues of Pakistan
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Global Climate Change and Microorganism

Atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased globally by nearly 30%
Temperature by approximately 0.6°C, and these trends are projected to continue more rapidly (Murphy et al. 2004, Stainforth et al. 2005).
The suggested increase in mean annual surface temperature of 2-7°C by 2100 is the largest change globally (Ruess et al., 1999)
GCC could have significant social, economic and environmental impacts on the earth (Westerling et al. 2006).
Terrestrial ecosystems and the climate system are closely coupled through C cycling (Cao and Woodward 1998)
GCC can have significant potential impacts on the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems (Root et al. 2003, Williams et al. 2004).
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Global Climate Change and Microorganism by Sardar Khan, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar

Climate Change and Global Environmental Problems

At the dawn of the third millennium, a powerful and complex web of interactions is contributing to unprecedented global trends in environmental degradation. These forces
Include:
Rapid Globalization & Urbanization Pervasive Poverty
Unsustainable Consumption Patterns Population Growth
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Climate Change Related Problems and Prospects in Pakistan

Climate Change Related Problems and Prospects in Pakistan : Opportunities through Industry University linkages to harness Benefits from Kyoto Mechanism

Living Planet Report by WWF

The marine environment, which covers almost 70 per cent of the earth’s surface, includes some of the world’s most diverse and
productive ecosystems, but these were adversely affected by human action over the last half of the 20th century. The marine index is split by ocean basin. The Pacific Ocean, the largest, covers more than a third of the planet’s surface. The Atlantic Ocean includes the Arctic basin. The Indian Ocean includes the coastal seas of Southeast Asia for the purposes of the index. The Southern Ocean comprises the
seas around Antarctica, its northern limit defined as the line of latitude 60ºS. The marine index includes trends in 1 112 populations of 274 species between 1970 and 2003, and shows a greater than 25 per cent
decline on average across the four ocean basins. Relatively stable trends are evident in the Pacific and in the Arctic/Atlantic Oceans,
in comparison with dramatic declines in the Indian/Southeast Asian and Southern Oceans. Overall increases in the populations of sea
birds and some mammal species in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans since 1970, however, mask a decline in many fishspecies, especially those of economic importance such as cod and tuna, which are
decreasing as a result of overfishing, as well as turtles and other species that are caughtas by-catch. There are comparatively few
data from the Southern and Indian Oceans, so those indices end in 1997 and 2000.
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The Green Dream

This commemorative meeting and roundtable discussion on environmental issues concluded the Saneeya Hussain Week, August
11-17, 2008. Friends and colleagues of three pioneering environmental
journalists gathered to talk about their work and experiences in this
field, where environmental journalism in Pakistan stands today and ‘the way ahead’. The concept was born out of a chapter I wrote on environmental journalism in Pakistan for Sage India (working title ‘The Green Pen: Essays by Environmental Journalists in South Asia’, forthcoming). The draft chapter, titled ‘Uphill and downstream in Pakistan’ acknowledged Saneeya as the person who first introduced many Pakistani journalists to the concept of ‘environmental journalism’.
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The Green Dream

Environmental Challenges and Responses of Pakistan

AN ERA OF ENVIRONMENTAL UNAWARENESS
The word “environment” was unfamiliar to people of Pakistan even after promulgation of the 1983 Environmental Protection Ordinance. Pakistan Environmental Protection Council-an apex body for setting up environmental policies, met for the first time after 9 years since the Ordinance became effective. Even the rules to operate the 1983 Ordinance could not be formulated in 13 years span till it was replaced with a new act of Parliament in 1997. Environmental institutions at
the federal and provincial levels were too weak to enforce the laws. Environmental awareness was non-existence and whatever efforts exerted made a little change due to low literacy rate. In that
way, a decade passed without happening a significant event in the environmental history of Pakistan since the 1983 Ordinance promulgated.
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Environmental Challenges and Responses of Pakistan

History of economics in Pakistan (Farasat Ali)

Pakistan’s average economic growth rate since independence has been higher than the average growth rate of the world economy during the period. Average annual real GDP growth rates were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that decade.
Industrial-sector growth, including manufacturing, was also above average. In the late 1960s Two wars with India in 1965 and 1971 adversely affected economic growth. In particular, the latter war brought the economy close to recession, although economic output rebounded sharply until the nationalizations of the mid-1970s.
Pakistan receives economic aid from several sources as loans and grants. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), etc provides long term loans to Pakistan. Pakistan also receives bilateral aid from developed and oil-rich countries.
The Asian Development Bank will provide close to $6 billion development assistance to Pakistan during 2006-9.[23] The World Bank unveiled a lending program of up to $6.5 billion for Pakistan under a new four-year, 2006-2009, aid strategy showing a significant increase in funding aimed largely at beefing up the country’s infrastructure. Japan will provide $500 million annual economic aid to Pakistan. In November 2008, The International Monetary Fund(IMF) has approved a loan of 7.6 Billion to
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Farasat History of economics in Pakistan

Geography of Pakistan

Climate:
The major part of Pakistan is dominated by dry climate. a small area in the North experiences Humid, subtropical. In the extreme North the area of the great heights highland the controlling factor of following.
The subtropical location of Pakistan from approximately 23 ½ North to 27 latitude.
1. this tends to keep the term high particularly in summer.
2. the oceanic influence of the Arabian sea deeps down the temperature.
3. the continental effect accelerate differences in temperature between summer and winter in the interior of the country.
The following forest types recognized in Pakistan
I. Alpine forests from 4000m – snow line
II. Coniferous forests from 1000m- 4000m
III. Subtropical dry forests below 1000m
IV. Tropical Thorn forests
V. Riverain or Bella forest
VI. Mangroves
VII. Irrigated plantations
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Geography of Paksitan

Environmental Economics in Pakistan and History of Environmental Economics

History of economics in Pakistan
Pakistan is a rapidly developing country and a major emerging market, with an economic growth rate of 7 percent per annum for four consecutive years up to 2007. Despite being a very poor country in 1947, Pakistan’s economic growth rate was better than the global average during the subsequent four decades, but imprudent policies led to a slowdown in the late 1990s.
Pakistan is a nation with a diverse economy that includes textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries. In terms of purchasing power, it is the 26th largest economy in the world while in absolute dollar terms it is the 47th largest economy. The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political disputes, a fast growing population, mixed levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring India. Substantial macroeconomic reforms since 2000, most notably at privatizing the banking sector have helped the economy. Pakistan has seen a growing middle class population since then and poverty levels have decreased by 10% since 2001.
Introduction
Like many other developing countries, Pakistan is seeking to revitalize its tourism sector, including nature tourism to an expanding system of national parks and reserves. In South Asia, Pakistan is one of the poorest in bio-diversity. It has experienced high rates of deforestation in recent years (World Resource Institute, 1996). Forests cover as little as 5 % of the country’s area. Due to an ever-increasing population, it is losing more and more forest cover primarily because of conversion of forest to agricultural as well as residential uses. The Government of Pakistan has, in recent years, expressed a serious concern over deforestation and has shown significant interest in the growth of a renowned national park system. Pakistan has a number of national parks, reserves, and wildlife refuges in different parts of the country. Despite the limited number of national parks and reserves, their management is far from satisfactory. This is partly because of insufficient government funds and open access of visitors to these places. Currently, entry to national parks in Pakistan is free. However, revenue can be generated by introducing entry fees that could be spent on the improvement of the quality of the parks. There is a need for a thorough investigation of how these parks can be well managed and how these environmental resources can be valued. No study on the valuation of national parks in Pakistan has ever been conducted.
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Environmental Economics in Pakisan and History of Environmental Economics

URBANIZATION AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES

the presentation given by the students of Environmental Science Department, University of Peshawar.
Urbanization
The transition from an agricultural society to an industrial one is said to urbanization. Since the beginning of industrial revolution, some 300 years ago, urbanization starts rapidly. Urbanization and industrial revolution brings many benefits to the humans especially to the top members of the society, but they also cause many problems for humans and environment. e.g. population, pollution etc.
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URBANIZATION AND SUSTAINABLE CITIES

Solid, toxic and hazardous waste

Solid waste
Solid waste is generally made up of objects or particles that accumulate on the site where they are produced. Solid waste includes domestic, commercial, industrial, agriculture, and mining waste. Solid waste are primarily non toxic.
HAZARDOUS AND TOXIC WASTE
Hazardous and toxic waste are injurious to both human health and environmental quality so it must be recycled or detoxified. Hazardous and toxic waste are fatal to humans and animals, carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic, ignitable ,corrosive and explosive.
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Solid, toxic and hazardous waste